PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS

I, YOU, HE, SHE IT, YOU THEY, WE,

We use subject personal pronouns before a verb instead of name of a person or a noun. They replace the names. For instance:
Eduardo, Ivan and Juan Manuel are doctors. They are doctors.

We always write I with a capital letter. Example
He’s Jack and I’m Steve.
We use he for a man or boy. Example
Tony he
We use she for a woman or girl. Example
Sheila she
We use it for a thing, animal or object. Example
a table it
We also use it for an animal whose sex we do not know. Example
a tiger it
If the animal is our pet or we know its sex we can use he or she. Example
This is my dog Rex. He is one year old.
We use they in the plural for people, animals or things. Example
Tom and Ann = They, Three cats=they Two tables=they

PLURALS

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PLURALS
I. Most nouns take -s in the plural. Example
1. table tables
2. house houses
3. car cars
4. cat cats
5. dog dogs
6. pen pens
7. pencil pencils

II. Nouns ending in –ss, -s, -sh, -ch, –x, and -z - take in the plural. Example
1. A dress two dresses
2. A bus two buses
3. A brush two brushes
4. A torch two torches
5. A box two boxes
6. A church three churches
7. A crash three crashes
8. A buzz three buzzes

III. Some nouns ending in –f or –fe drop the-f or –fe and take –ves to form their plural. Example
1. Loaf loaves
2. Knife knives
3. calf calves
4. half halves
5. leaf leaves
6. life lives
7. self selves
8. sheaf sheaves
9. shelf shelves
10. thief thieves
11. wife wives
12. wolf wolves

But the exception is:
Cliff cliffs
Roof roofs


IV. Nouns ending in a consonant + y, drop the –y and take –ies. Example
1. Cherry cherries
2. Lady ladies
3. Country countries
4. ferry ferries transbordador de coche
5. party parties


I. Nouns ending in a vowel +y take –s. Example
Boy boys
Toy toys
Day days

II. Some nouns ending in –o take –es. Example

1. Tomato tomatoes
2. Potato potatoes
3. echo echoes
4. hero heroes
5. negro negroes

VII. Nouns ending in VOWEL + O have plurals (e.g. radios, zoos). So do the following, and most new words that come in to the language. Example

1. Radio radios
2. Photo photos.
3. Video videos.
4. commando comandos
5. concerto concertos
6. kilo kilos
7. logo logos
8. piano pianos
9. solo solos
10. soprano sopranos

VIII. A few common words ending in –o can have plurals in –s or –es. Example

NOUN
PLURAL I PLURAL II


Buffalo Buffalos Buffaloes
Mosquito Mosquito Mosquitoes
Tornado Tornados Tornadoes
Volcano Volcanos volcanoes

IX. IRREGULAR PLURAL

SINGULAR PLURAL
Child children
Dormouse dormice
Fish fish
Foot Feet
Goose geese
Louse lice
Man men
Mouse mice
Ox oxen
Tooth teeth
Woman women


X. PLURAL SAME AS SINGULAR

SINGULAR PLURAL
Advice
advice

Barracks
Barracks

Crossroads USA cruce, encrucijadas
Crossroads

Furniture
Furniture
Headquarters cuartel general
Headquarters

Homework
Homework

Means metodos, medios
Means

Series
Series

Species
Species

Swiss
Swiss

Works (factory)
Works

FOREIGN PLURALS

Þ Some words which come from foreign languages have special plurals:


SINGULAR PLURAL
Analysis Analyses (Latin)
Appendix Appendices (Latin) or appendixes
Bacterium Bacteria (Latin)
Basis Bases (Greek)
Cactus Cacti ( (Latin) or cactuses
Crisis Crises (Greek)
Criterion Criteria (Greek)
Diagnosis Diagnoses (Greek)
Formula Formulae (Latin) or formulas
Fungus Fungi (Latin) or funguses
Hypothesis Hypotheses (Greek)
Kibbutz Kibbutzim (Hebrew)
Medium Media (Latin) or mediums
Nucleus Nuclei (Latin) nucleuses
Oasis Oases (Greek)
Phenomenon Phenomena (Greek)
Radius Radii (Latin) or radiuses
Stimulus Stimuli (Latin)
Vertebra Vertebrae (Latin) or vertebras

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